The relationship between America and the Arab world has been a tumultuous journey marked by conflicts, strategic alliances, and shifting public opinions. The ongoing support of the United States for Israel, particularly after the events of October 2023, has once again put this relationship under the spotlight. As America navigates its foreign policies in the Middle East, the question arises: Is its reputation in the region irreparably damaged, or is there hope for rebuilding trust and cooperation?
The early 21st century was a significant strain between America and the Arab world. The 2003 invasion of Iraq, based on the false pretext of weapons of mass destruction, left a deep scar. The war led to the deaths of approximately half a million Iraqis and fostered widespread anti-American sentiment. The image of an Iraqi journalist hurling his shoes at President George W. Bush in 2008 symbolised the profound anger and resentment felt by many in the region.
Simultaneously, the US-led invasion of Afghanistan in late 2001, following the 9/11 terrorist attacks, further damaged America’s reputation. These military interventions were seen as acts of aggression rather than liberation, contributing to a decade of declining trust and rising animosity towards the United States in the Middle East. The early actions of the US set a precedent for future interactions and established a foundation of scepticism and distrust that would take years to mitigate.
Despite the rocky start to the century, relations improved by 2022. Polling surveys conducted by Arab Barometer indicated a gradual shift in public opinion, with a growing number of Arab citizens viewing the United States more favourably. This improvement, however, was short-lived. The events of October 2023, when Hamas launched a terrorist attack on Israel, followed by Israel’s military retaliation in Gaza, have reignited anti-American sentiments. The US’s unwavering support for Israel during this conflict has been met with widespread criticism across the Arab world. The resulting destruction and loss of life in Gaza have exacerbated perceptions of the US as a biased and unjust actor in the region.
The military actions by Israel, coupled with America’s vocal support, have painted the US as a complicit force in the eyes of many Arabs. The images of devastation and civilian casualties have only deepened the wounds from past conflicts. This period has tested the fragile improvements in US-Arab relations and highlighted the unresolved, deep-seated issues.
Public opinion in the Arab world plays a crucial role in shaping the political landscape. The Arab Spring uprisings of the early 2010s demonstrated the power of popular movements to overthrow entrenched regimes. Similarly, widespread protests in 2019 led to significant political changes in several Arab countries. This underscores the importance of public sentiment in the region’s politics.
In recent years, the US has been instrumental in facilitating normalisation deals between Israel and several Arab nations, including Bahrain, Morocco, Sudan, and the United Arab Emirates. These efforts, however, have been complicated by the ongoing conflict in Gaza. Saudi Arabia, a key player in the region, has made it clear that normalisation with Israel is contingent on resolving the Palestinian issue. Iran’s role in the Middle East has been a longstanding source of tension. The country supports various proxy groups, such as Hezbollah in Lebanon and the Houthis in Yemen, which have actively opposed Israel and American interests. The recent conflict in Gaza has seen increased activity from these groups, further straining US-Arab relations.
China’s growing influence in the region adds another layer of complexity. Traditionally focused on economic engagements, China has started to play a more active role in Middle Eastern geopolitics. This shift provides Arab countries with an alternative to the US, potentially diminishing American influence. China’s approach, largely devoid of political and military interventions, contrasts sharply with the US’s history in the region and is seen as a more palatable alternative by some Arab states. Polling data from Arab Barometer reveals a sharp decline in favourable views of the United States following the October 2023 events. Surveys conducted in Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Mauritania, and Morocco show a significant drop in positive perceptions. However, Morocco stands out as an exception, with a majority still viewing the US favourably, likely due to the US’s recognition of Moroccan sovereignty over Western Sahara in 2020.
The broader trend indicates a growing disillusionment with American policies and a desire for more balanced and just interventions in regional conflicts. The stark contrast between the public’s reaction before and after the Gaza conflict highlights the sensitive nature of US actions and their direct impact on public opinion. The survey results underscore the necessity for the US to reconsider its strategies and address the underlying causes of dissatisfaction.
Despite the current negative sentiment, not all is lost for America’s reputation in the Middle East. There are avenues for the US to rebuild trust and improve its standing in the region. Key among these is addressing the Palestinian issue more effectively. Pushing for a ceasefire in Gaza, increasing humanitarian aid, and advocating for a two-state solution could help restore some lost goodwill. Additionally, the US must demonstrate a genuine commitment to the well-being of all people in the region, not just its strategic allies. This involves balancing its support for Israel with a more equitable approach to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Diplomacy and soft power play crucial roles in reshaping perceptions and fostering cooperation. The US needs to leverage its diplomatic channels to engage with Arab leaders and address their concerns. This requires a nuanced understanding of the regional dynamics and a willingness to listen and adapt. Cultural exchanges, educational programs, and economic partnerships can also help bridge the gap. By investing in the region’s development and showing respect for its cultures and values, the US can build a foundation of mutual respect and understanding. This approach requires patience and long-term commitment but can yield significant benefits in restoring America’s image.
Economic engagement is another key area where the US can positively impact. By supporting development projects, infrastructure improvements, and economic diversification efforts, the US can demonstrate its commitment to the region’s prosperity. These initiatives should be tailored to meet the specific needs of each country and involve local stakeholders to ensure their effectiveness and sustainability. Furthermore, trade agreements and investment opportunities can create jobs and stimulate economic growth, benefiting the US and the Arab world. These financial ties can serve as a stabilising force and foster a sense of interdependence, reducing the likelihood of conflicts and promoting cooperation.
The humanitarian crisis in Gaza has highlighted the urgent need for aid and support. The US can play a significant role in providing humanitarian assistance to those affected by the conflict. This includes medical aid, food supplies, and rebuilding infrastructure. The US can demonstrate its compassion and commitment to human rights by prioritising humanitarian efforts. This approach can help counter negative perceptions and show that America is dedicated to helping those in need, regardless of political affiliations.
Security cooperation is another important aspect of US-Arab relations. The US has long-standing security partnerships with several Arab countries, providing military aid, training, and intelligence support. These partnerships are crucial for maintaining regional stability and combating terrorism. However, the US must ensure that its security policies align with the broader goal of peace and stability. This involves avoiding actions that could exacerbate conflicts or fuel anti-American sentiments. Instead, the focus should be on collaborative efforts to address common security threats and promote regional peace.
Promoting political reforms and good governance is essential for long-term stability in the Middle East. The US can support efforts to enhance democratic institutions, strengthen the rule of law, and improve governance in Arab countries. This support should be provided in a way that respects the sovereignty of each nation and involves local stakeholders in the reform process. By promoting transparency, accountability, and inclusive governance, the US can help create a more stable and prosperous Middle East. These efforts can also reduce the appeal of extremist ideologies and foster a more positive perception of America as a partner in progress.
Building and maintaining strong regional alliances is crucial for the US. These alliances provide a framework for cooperation on various issues, from security to economic development. The US should work closely with regional organisations and multilateral institutions to address common challenges and promote shared interests. By strengthening alliances with key regional players, the US can enhance its influence and ability to shape outcomes. This collaborative approach can also help build trust and demonstrate America’s commitment to the region’s stability and prosperity.
The Future of US-Arab Relations
The future of US-Arab relations depends on America’s ability to adapt to the region’s changing dynamics. This involves reassessing its policies, addressing the root causes of conflicts, and engaging with Arab leaders and citizens meaningfully. The US must demonstrate a genuine commitment to peace, justice, and human rights, while also supporting economic development and good governance. The road ahead is challenging but not insurmountable. By taking a balanced and empathetic approach, the US can rebuild trust and foster a more positive and cooperative relationship with the Arab world. This requires a long-term vision and a willingness to listen and adapt, but the potential benefits for regional stability and global peace are immense.
The relationship between America and the Arab world is at a critical juncture. The events of October 2023 have undoubtedly caused significant damage to America’s reputation in the region. However, history has shown that public opinion can shift, and diplomatic efforts can bear fruit. By reassessing its policies and demonstrating a commitment to justice and humanitarian values, the United States has the potential to rebuild trust and foster a more positive and cooperative relationship with the Arab world.
In conclusion, while the challenges are substantial, the path to improving US-Arab relations lies in a balanced, fair, and empathetic approach to the region’s complex issues. America’s ability to adapt to and respond to these challenges will determine the future trajectory of its relationship with the Arab world. The journey requires patience, resilience, and a steadfast commitment to peace, justice, and mutual respect.
Author: Anika Tasnim
